Energy infrastructure • Gas
Global Gas Pipelines & LNG Infrastructure
Gas pipelines (operating and under construction) and LNG terminals (import and export) worldwide. The global gas network is being reshaped by the post-2022 European pivot away from Russian pipeline gas, the LNG capacity surge from the US and Qatar, and new import infrastructure across Asia.
Source: Global Energy Monitor — Global Gas Infrastructure Tracker, CC BY 4.0. Geopolitical context from IEA, OIES, and Atlantic Council.
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Structural shift: the post-2022 European gas map
Before 2022, Russia supplied roughly 40% of EU gas imports via pipeline (Nord Stream 1 and 2, Yamal-Europe, Brotherhood/Soyuz via Ukraine, TurkStream). The invasion of Ukraine and subsequent sanctions collapsed this to under 15% by 2023. Nord Stream 1 and 2 were destroyed in September 2022. The last remaining Russia-to-EU pipeline route via Ukraine expired on 1 January 2025 when Kyiv refused to renew the transit agreement.
The EU replaced roughly 100 bcm/yr of Russian pipeline gas with a combination of LNG imports (US, Qatar, Norway, Algeria), demand reduction, and accelerated renewables. This restructuring is permanent: there is no political or commercial pathway to restoring pre-2022 Russian pipeline flows. The pipeline map of Europe has been redrawn around Norwegian gas, Mediterranean imports (Algeria, Libya, Azerbaijan via TAP), and a network of new LNG regasification terminals built at emergency speed since 2022.
Key pipeline corridors
The geopolitically significant pipeline systems that define gas trade routes. Click pipelines on the map to identify individual segments.
Norway to NW Europe
Norway is now the EU's largest pipeline gas supplier. The Langeled, Europipe I/II, Norpipe, Franpipe, and Zeepipe systems deliver over 110 bcm/yr to the UK, Germany, Belgium, and France. Equinor, Gassco, and partners operate a 9,000 km subsea network from the Norwegian continental shelf. Post-2022, Norway increased production to record levels to compensate for lost Russian volumes.
Southern Gas Corridor (Azerbaijan to Italy)
The TAP/TANAP system carries Azeri gas from Shah Deniz II across Turkey and into Southern Europe via Greece and Albania. Current capacity is ~10 bcm/yr with expansion to 20 bcm planned. TAP is the EU's primary non-Russian, non-LNG diversification route into Southern and Southeast Europe. Its geopolitical significance outweighs its volume.
Mediterranean: Algeria, Libya, Egypt
Algeria supplies Italy (Transmed, 30+ bcm/yr capacity) and Spain (Medgaz, ~8 bcm/yr) via subsea pipelines. Libya's Greenstream pipeline to Italy (8 bcm/yr) operates intermittently due to political instability. Egypt has pivoted from LNG exporter to net importer as domestic demand surges, reducing its role as a Mediterranean gas hub. Algeria remains the most reliable North African supplier.
TurkStream and the Turkey hub
TurkStream (31.5 bcm/yr, two lines) is the last major Russia-to-Europe pipeline route still operating. One line supplies Turkey; the second feeds gas into Southeast Europe via Bulgaria. Turkey is positioning itself as a gas trading hub, but this depends on continued Russian flows. Turkish demand itself is ~50-55 bcm/yr, making Turkey both a major consumer and a transit state.
Power of Siberia (Russia to China)
Russia's eastward pivot. Power of Siberia 1 (38 bcm/yr at full capacity, ramping since 2019) delivers East Siberian gas to northeast China. Power of Siberia 2 (~50 bcm/yr via Mongolia) is under negotiation but has not reached final agreement. These pipelines redirect Russian gas exports away from Europe permanently, locking in Asia as Russia's primary gas market for decades.
Central Asian and Caspian systems
Turkmenistan's gas exports flow east to China (Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, ~55 bcm/yr) and south to Iran. The Trans-Caspian pipeline (Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan to Europe) has been discussed for decades but never built due to Russian and Iranian opposition and Caspian legal disputes. Kazakhstan exports gas to Russia and China. This corridor remains underutilised relative to its reserves.
LNG: the flexible molecule reshaping gas trade
LNG has shifted from a niche supplement to the dominant marginal supply source for Europe and a growing share of Asian imports. The 2022 crisis demonstrated that pipeline dependencies are geopolitical liabilities; LNG offers optionality.
US Gulf Coast
125+ Mtpa
Export capacity by 2027. Sabine Pass, Cameron, Freeport, Corpus Christi, Plaquemines, Golden Pass. The US is the world's largest LNG exporter.
Qatar North Field
126 Mtpa
Target capacity after North Field East and South expansions (from 77 Mtpa). First new volumes expected 2026-2027.
EU regas buildout
~50 bcm/yr
New regasification capacity added since 2022 (FSRUs in Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Greece, Finland). EU total regas now exceeds 200 bcm/yr.
Data sources and methodology
Pipeline and terminal data
Global Energy Monitor Global Gas Infrastructure Tracker (CC BY 4.0). Covers operating and under-construction pipelines and LNG terminals.
Geopolitical and market context
Russian gas supply shift and EU restructuring: IEA World Energy Outlook 2024.
Norwegian production records: Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.
Southern Gas Corridor capacity: TAP AG; TANAP.
Nord Stream sabotage: multiple OSINT and institutional sources, September 2022.
Ukraine transit expiry: Naftogaz/GTSOU statements, December 2024.
US LNG capacity: US EIA.
Qatar North Field expansion (77 → 126 Mtpa): QatarEnergy corporate disclosures.
EU regasification buildout: GIE ALSI/AGSI data; European Commission REPowerEU progress reports.
Power of Siberia: Gazprom annual reports; OIES Russia-China gas analysis.
Central Asian pipelines: Atlantic Council Global Energy Center.