Global Energy Supply & Demand
Aggregate view across all tracked energy infrastructure, from extraction and transport to power generation and industrial consumption. The map's structure is the analysis: fuels are produced where geology puts them and burned where people and industry are, so everything between, the pipelines, terminals and shipping lanes, is where the system's dependence and leverage live. Generation is converging on electricity while the fuels that feed it still move through a handful of corridors and chokepoints; each asset class below links to a deeper page where the load-bearing figures are sourced, from oil's chokepoint bypasses to wind's grid queue and hydrogen's built-versus-planned gap.
Data: Global Energy Monitor — CC BY 4.0. All figures represent tracked facilities, not exhaustive global totals.
Capacity vs generation: why they tell different stories
Installed capacity (GW) measures what could run at peak. Generation (TWh/yr) measures what actually produced electricity. Lines that cross reveal the capacity factor effect.
How to read: each column's width shows how much capacity a source has. The filled height shows how often it runs (capacity factor). The colored area is actual electricity produced. Solar's column is wide but barely filled (13% CF), producing a small rectangle. Nuclear's column is narrow but almost fully filled (85% CF), producing a taller rectangle that represents more electricity despite far less capacity. Coal's rectangle is the largest area overall: medium width, 56% filled, generating 35% of global electricity.
View underlying data table
Sources: IEA World Energy Outlook 2024, Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2024, IRENA Renewable Capacity Statistics 2024. Generation figures are approximate 2023 values. CF = capacity factor (actual output / theoretical maximum). Total global generation ~30,000 TWh/yr.
Primary energy: the full picture beyond electricity
Electricity is only ~20% of final energy consumption. Oil dominates transport, gas heats buildings, coal makes steel. Total primary energy ~600 EJ/yr (~167,000 TWh/yr).
~102 M bpd. Transport, petrochemicals, heating. Not electrifiable at scale.
~8,700 Mt/yr. Power generation + coking coal for steel. Largest CO₂ source.
Largest renewable. Dispatchable, long-lived. Growth constrained by geography.
Fastest growing. Intermittent. ~4,400 TWh wind + ~2,000 TWh solar + ~1,900 TWh other.
Traditional biomass + modern biofuels. Sustainability contested.
Sources: Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2024, IEA World Energy Balances 2024. Primary energy uses the substitution method (nuclear/renewables counted at thermal equivalent). EJ = exajoules; 1 EJ = 277.8 TWh.
Energy demand by sector
Total final energy consumption ~440 EJ/yr (~122,000 TWh/yr). How the world actually uses energy, and what we track in each sector.
Steel (~1,900 Mt/yr), cement (~4,100 Mt/yr), chemicals, aluminium. Hardest to decarbonize. CBAM targets this directly.
Data →Heating (gas, oil, district), cooling, lighting, appliances. ~55% of global electricity goes here. Electrification is the decarbonization path.
Data →Road (75%), aviation (12%), maritime (10%). Still >90% oil-dependent. EVs growing but less than 5% of fleet. Maritime disruptions on our maritime page.
Data →Farm machinery, fertilizer production (ammonia from gas), food processing. EUDR-adjacent.
Sources: IEA World Energy Balances 2024, Energy Institute Statistical Review 2024. Final energy excludes transformation losses (e.g., heat lost in power generation).
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