Domain
Critical Materials & Battery Supply Chains
Two EU regulations now govern the same upstream geography: the Critical Raw Materials Act and the Battery Regulation. Together they name the materials that matter, the suppliers that dominate them, and the obligations that flow back to procurement. This domain links the regulation to the country exposure that turns it into sourcing risk.
Regulation (EU) 2024/1252
Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA)
Lists strategic and critical raw materials, sets 2030 benchmarks for EU extraction, processing, and recycling capacity, and caps single-country dependency for strategic materials at 65%.
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Regulation (EU) 2023/1542
EU Battery Regulation
Due-diligence obligations on cobalt, lithium, natural graphite and nickel; carbon-footprint declarations; recycled-content thresholds; end-of-life and second-life requirements.
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Supply concentration
Country exposure
Where the EU sources the materials these regulations name — Indonesia (nickel), DRC (cobalt), Chile and Australia (lithium), China (graphite, processing dominance). The geography that turns regulation into procurement risk.
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Visualisation
Top-country share vs. the CRMA 65% cap
CRMA Article 5 caps single-country dependency for any strategic raw material at 65% of EU consumption at any relevant stage. Bars in amber are over the cap today. Mining-stage entries are labelled; the rest are processing or refining.
Approximate top-country supply shares compiled from IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024, and EU JRC Critical Raw Materials studies. Exact shares move year to year; order of magnitude is stable.
Country exposure
Where the EU actually sources these materials
CRMA and the Battery Regulation describe the obligations — the geography below describes the dependency. Each profile sits inside the public country dataset.
World's largest nickel reserves and refined production. EU CRMA strategic material; due diligence under Battery Regulation.
≈70% of global mined cobalt. Battery Regulation due-diligence annex names cobalt explicitly; persistent ASM and human-rights exposure.
Natural and synthetic graphite leader; dominates refining of lithium, cobalt, nickel and rare earths. CRMA 65% concentration cap targets this dependency.
Largest lithium reserves (Salar de Atacama). Strategic and critical under CRMA; tightening domestic processing rules.
Largest mined lithium producer. Politically aligned supply — central to EU diversification under CRMA strategic partnerships.
Lithium triangle. Brine-based extraction. Strategic project candidate under CRMA international partnerships pillar.
Analytical note
Why trade data alone is not enough
The country exposure list above does not come out of import statistics cleanly. China processes ≈90% of the world's rare earths and ≈60–65% of lithium chemicals despite mining little of either; ≈70–85% of Indonesia's nickel processing capacity is Chinese-financed but ships under an Indonesian flag; ≈15–30% of DRC cobalt is artisanal and mixed into formal supply at the trading-house level. Six structural gaps between import data and actual supply risk — with figures and primary sources from IEA, USGS, OECD, JRC and field investigators.